What They Say.....(6)

Scler-: hard

eg. Scleredema_ hard non pitting edema of the skin, having a waxy appearance with no demarcation and occurring mainly in females with diabetes mellitus.

Semi-: partially

eg. Semiconscious_ not completely aware of sensation; partially conscious.

Spiro-: breathing

eg. Spirometer_ instrument for measuring the volume of air entering and leaving the lungs.

Splen-: spleen

eg. Splenomegaly_ enlargement of the spleen.

Steno-: narrow

eg. Stenosis_ an abnormal narrowing or contraction of a duct or canal.

Sub-: below; less than

eg. Subnormal_ below normal.

Tachy-: fast, accelerated

eg. Tachycardia_ abnormally rapid heart rate.

Tele-: distance, distant

eg. Teletheraphy_ radiation therapy that is administered at a distance from the body.

Thel-: nipples

eg. Thelalgia_ pain in the nipples.

Thorac-: chest

eg. Thoracoscope_ instrument for examining the chest cavity.

Thrombo-: clot

eg. Thrombosis_ formation of a clot in the blood that either blocks or partially blocks a blood vessel.

Thyro-: thyroid

eg. Thyroidectomy_ a surgical procedure in which all or part of the thyroid gland is removed.

Tox-: poison, poisonous

eg. Toxemia_ the presence of bacterial toxins in the blood stream, also called blood poisoning.

Tracheo-: wind pipe; trachea

eg. Tracheomalacia_ degeneration of the elastic and connective tissues of the trachea.

Uro-: urinary tract

eg. Urosepsis_ bacteremia resulting from urinary tract infection.

Vaso-: vessel or duct

eg. Vasodilation_ an increase in the diameter of a blood vessel.

Xeno-: stranger, foreigner

eg. Xenophobia_ irrational fear of strangers.

Xero-: dry

eg. Xeroderma_ abnormally dry skin.

Posted by Jade Dame

What They Say. . . . .(5)

Para-: disordered, beyond

eg. Paraplegia_ paralysis of the lower part of the body, including the legs.

Patho-: disease

eg. Pathogen_ disease causing agent.

Pedo-: child, children

eg. Pedophillia_ sex or sexual activity with children who have not reached puberty.

Pell-: skin

eg. Pellagra_ disease caused by a deficiency of protein and niacin resulting in skin lesions.

Peri-: around

eg. Pericolitis_ inflammation around the colon, especially of its peritoneal coat.

Phago-: eating, ingestion

eg. Phagocytosis_ the engulfing of microorganisms or other cells and foreign particles by phagocytes.

Phreni-: diaphragm

eg. Phrenitis_ inflammation of the diaphragm.

Pleur-: side

eg. Pleurodont_ teeth that are attached by their sides to the inner side of the jaw.

Pneumo-: lungs, air or breath

eg. Pneumonia_ infection of the lung.

Polio-: grey

eg. Poliomyelitis_ viral disease that cause inflammation of the grey matter of the brain stem and spinal cord.

Poly-: many or much

eg. Polyuria_ excessive production of urine.

Post-: after, behind

eg. Postmortem examination_ an examination of a body after death by a person trained in pathology.

Pre-: before

eg. Prenatal_ occurring before birth.

Pseudo-: false

eg. Pseudopapilloedema_ conditions in which the optic disc is elevated resembling papilloedema.

Psych-: mind, mental

eg. Psychosis_ a symptom or feature of mental illness typically characterized by radical changes in personality, impaired functioning, and a distorted or nonexistent sense of objective reality.

Pub-: adult

eg. Puberty_ sexual maturation into adulthood.

Pyo-: pus

eg. Pyoderma_ skin diseases associated with the formation of or caused by pus.

Pyro-: heat, fire

eg. Pyrosis_ burning sensation in the chest.

Retro-: backward, behind

eg. Retropharyngeal abscess_ a collection of pus in the tissues behind the pharynx accompanied by difficulty in swallowing, fever and pain.

Posted by Jade Dame

What They Say . . . . . [4]

Macro-: large or abnormal size

eg. Macroblepharia_ the condition of having abnormally large eyelids.

Mal-: inadequate, abnormal

eg. Malnutrition_ insufficiency of one or more nutritional elements necessary for health and well-being.

Mega-: large, great

eg. Megalocephaly_ the condition of having an abnormally large head.

Mast-: breast

eg. Mastitis_ inflammation of the breast usually occurs in women who are breastfeeding their babies.

Necro-: death

eg. Necrosis_ tissue death due to disease or localized injury.

Neo-: new and abnormal

eg. Neoplasm_ any abnormal growth of new tissue, benign or malignant.

Nephro-: kidney, kidney like structure

eg. Nephrorrhagia_ haemorrhage from the kidney.

Neuro-: nerve

eg. Neurosis_ a functional disorder of the nervous system.

Odont-: tooth

eg. Odontiasis_ the process of teething.

Oligo-: few, little

eg. Oligodontia_ presence of fewer than the normal number of teeth.

Ophthal-: eye, eyeball

eg. Ophthalmia_ inflammation of the eye, especially of the conjunctiva.

Orchio-: testes

eg. Orchiocele_ a testis retained in the inguinal canal.

Osteo-: bone

eg. Osteoporosis_ abnormal reduction in the amount of bone mass, resulting in fragile porous bones.

Posted by Jade Dame

Aim well in Cataloguing

Cataloguing

Cataloguing is the process of making entries for a catalogue. Library catalogue usually consists of useful data for the library users. They are bibliographic description, subject analysis, classification number, and information of physical preparation for the shelf. A trained librarian has to perform a wide range of tasks. Such a librarian is known as a cataloguer.

Cataloguers

The cataloguers are entering information about the publication i.e. the book into the library catalogue. By this way the users can find what they are looking for, if they go in search of required information.

Catalogue cards

The library catalogue holds the collection of a library materials, printed, typed, or handwritten on catalogue cards. Each card shows a bibliographic unit in the collection. The standard catalogue card is actually 7.5cm x 12.5cm in size. Catalogue cards are alphabetically filed in a single sequence (dictionary catalogue). In some library, the catalogue cards are separately filed by the author, title, and subject (divided catalogue). Both are arranged in a particular drawers of a filing cabinet, which is usually made up of wood.

Online cataloguing

Nowadays, most libraries in the world have changed their old card catalogues to machine-readable format. It is the result of the rise of MAchine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) standards in the 1960s. Thus, online cataloguing has greatly developed the usability of catalogues. Online catalogue consists of a collection of bibliographic records in machine-readable format. It kept on a certain computer that provides easy access via terminals in direct connection with the central point. Most online catalogues can be simply search-able by author, title, subject headings and keywords. Generally most libraries, public or academic, are globally provided with free public access. It is also synonymous with Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC).

An “online catalogue” has the meaning similar to “online card catalogue”. It is indeed no catalogue cards on the computer. Card refers only to the medium as a usual catalogue.

What Information

Main information is put into the catalogue. There are three important descriptions such as:

• Bibliographic information, i.e. author, title, edition, publisher, and date.

• Physical information, i.e. size, number of pages, illustrations, bibliography and/ or index; format.
• Subject information.

Moreover, assignment of classification notation. It is essentially used what classification scheme is. Other data concerned with physical preparation of the item for the shelf are also shown. These are the elements of description. An accurate punctuation is put to maintain the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).

Aim well in cataloguing

The cataloguer has at last achieved his goal of cataloguing a book on the library patrons. The purpose of cataloguing is:

•  to make a user find a book of which either_ [1] the author, [2] the title, [3] the subject_is known;
•  to show what the library has_[1] by a given author, [2] on a given subject, [3] in a given works;
•  to help in the selection of a book_[1] as to bibliographic edition, [2] as to literary character.

Posted by Junk Guy

2011 New Year Gift

Happiness obtained by means of innocence is stable.

Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature's inexorable imperative.

Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide to the future.

Perseverance is a tool of success.

Yesterday, is not to think about.

Nothing is eternal.

Even a long life is too short to waste.

Wisdom leads to justice.

Yearning to get new, is the work of greedy person.

Everyday is pleasant if you do good.

A wise enemy is less dangerous than a foolish friend.

Review yourself.

Posted by Junk Guy & Jade Dame

What They Say . . . . . [3]

Hem-: blood

eg. Hematoma_ a swelling containing blood, usually clotted in a tissue or organ. It may occur almost any where on the body and may result from injury or from some blood diseases.

Hemi-: half, partial

eg. Hemiataxia_ a loss of muscle control affecting on side of the body, usually as a result of a stroke or cerebellar injury.

Hepato-: liver

eg. Hepatocarcinogen_ an agent that causes carcinoma of the liver.

Hydro-: water, liquid

eg. Hydrocephalus_ an abnormal expansion of cavities within the brain that is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Hyper-: above, beyond, excessive

eg. Hypertension_ high blood pressure.

Hypo-: under, beneath

eg. Hypoxia_ insufficient level of oxygen in blood or tissue.

Hystero-: uterus

eg. Hysterocleisis_ surgical occlusion of the uterus.

Im-: not

eg. Impaired_ having a physical or mental disability.

Intra-: within

eg. Intraocular_ occurring within the eyeball.

Kerat-: cornea

eg. Keratectomy_ removal of a part of the cornea.

Leuk-: white

eg. Leukemia_ a progressive, malignant disease of the blood forming organs, marked by distorted proliferation and development of white blood cells and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow.

Litho-: stone

eg. Litholysis_ the dissolution of urinary calculi.

Laryng-: larynx

eg. Laryngitis_ inflammation of the larynx, resulting in hoarseness of the voice.

Lip-: fat

eg. Lipoma_ a benign tumour characterized by fat cells.

Posted by Jade Dame

What They Say . . . . . [2]

Ecto-: outer, external

eg. Ectocardia_ an abnormal position of the heart; it may be outside the thoracic cavity or misplaced within the thorax.

En-: in, into, inside

eg. Endemic_ a disease or pathogen that is found in or confined to a particular location, region or people.

Encephal-: brain

eg. Encephalitis_ an inflamed condition of the brain.

Endo-: inside, within

eg. Endoarteritis_ chronic inflammation of the inner layer of arteries.

Epi-: outer, above, on, over, near

eg. Epidural_ injection of anaesthetic into the space outside the dura mater enveloping the spinal cord.

Erythro-: red

eg. Erythrocytosis_ an abnormal increased production of red blood cells.

Gastro-: stomach, abdomen

eg. Gastroesophageal reflux disease_ chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of stomach acid to the oesophagus.

Geno-: to become or produce

eg. Genophobia_ an abnormal fear of sexual intercourse.

Glyco-: sugar, sweet

eg. Glycosuria_ atypical occurrence of glucose in urine, may be due to excessive carbohydrate ingestion or a disorder, such as diabetes mellitus.

Gnatho-: jaw

eg. Gnathodynia_ pain in the jaw, such as that commonly associated with an impacted wisdom tooth.

Gyn-: woman

eg. Gynecology_ the branch of medical science that studies the diseases of women, especially of the reproductive organs.

Posted by Jade Dame