What They Say . . . . . [4]

Macro-: large or abnormal size

eg. Macroblepharia_ the condition of having abnormally large eyelids.

Mal-: inadequate, abnormal

eg. Malnutrition_ insufficiency of one or more nutritional elements necessary for health and well-being.

Mega-: large, great

eg. Megalocephaly_ the condition of having an abnormally large head.

Mast-: breast

eg. Mastitis_ inflammation of the breast usually occurs in women who are breastfeeding their babies.

Necro-: death

eg. Necrosis_ tissue death due to disease or localized injury.

Neo-: new and abnormal

eg. Neoplasm_ any abnormal growth of new tissue, benign or malignant.

Nephro-: kidney, kidney like structure

eg. Nephrorrhagia_ haemorrhage from the kidney.

Neuro-: nerve

eg. Neurosis_ a functional disorder of the nervous system.

Odont-: tooth

eg. Odontiasis_ the process of teething.

Oligo-: few, little

eg. Oligodontia_ presence of fewer than the normal number of teeth.

Ophthal-: eye, eyeball

eg. Ophthalmia_ inflammation of the eye, especially of the conjunctiva.

Orchio-: testes

eg. Orchiocele_ a testis retained in the inguinal canal.

Osteo-: bone

eg. Osteoporosis_ abnormal reduction in the amount of bone mass, resulting in fragile porous bones.

Posted by Jade Dame

Aim well in Cataloguing

Cataloguing

Cataloguing is the process of making entries for a catalogue. Library catalogue usually consists of useful data for the library users. They are bibliographic description, subject analysis, classification number, and information of physical preparation for the shelf. A trained librarian has to perform a wide range of tasks. Such a librarian is known as a cataloguer.

Cataloguers

The cataloguers are entering information about the publication i.e. the book into the library catalogue. By this way the users can find what they are looking for, if they go in search of required information.

Catalogue cards

The library catalogue holds the collection of a library materials, printed, typed, or handwritten on catalogue cards. Each card shows a bibliographic unit in the collection. The standard catalogue card is actually 7.5cm x 12.5cm in size. Catalogue cards are alphabetically filed in a single sequence (dictionary catalogue). In some library, the catalogue cards are separately filed by the author, title, and subject (divided catalogue). Both are arranged in a particular drawers of a filing cabinet, which is usually made up of wood.

Online cataloguing

Nowadays, most libraries in the world have changed their old card catalogues to machine-readable format. It is the result of the rise of MAchine Readable Cataloguing (MARC) standards in the 1960s. Thus, online cataloguing has greatly developed the usability of catalogues. Online catalogue consists of a collection of bibliographic records in machine-readable format. It kept on a certain computer that provides easy access via terminals in direct connection with the central point. Most online catalogues can be simply search-able by author, title, subject headings and keywords. Generally most libraries, public or academic, are globally provided with free public access. It is also synonymous with Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC).

An “online catalogue” has the meaning similar to “online card catalogue”. It is indeed no catalogue cards on the computer. Card refers only to the medium as a usual catalogue.

What Information

Main information is put into the catalogue. There are three important descriptions such as:

• Bibliographic information, i.e. author, title, edition, publisher, and date.

• Physical information, i.e. size, number of pages, illustrations, bibliography and/ or index; format.
• Subject information.

Moreover, assignment of classification notation. It is essentially used what classification scheme is. Other data concerned with physical preparation of the item for the shelf are also shown. These are the elements of description. An accurate punctuation is put to maintain the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD).

Aim well in cataloguing

The cataloguer has at last achieved his goal of cataloguing a book on the library patrons. The purpose of cataloguing is:

•  to make a user find a book of which either_ [1] the author, [2] the title, [3] the subject_is known;
•  to show what the library has_[1] by a given author, [2] on a given subject, [3] in a given works;
•  to help in the selection of a book_[1] as to bibliographic edition, [2] as to literary character.

Posted by Junk Guy

2011 New Year Gift

Happiness obtained by means of innocence is stable.

Adapt or perish, now as ever, is nature's inexorable imperative.

Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide to the future.

Perseverance is a tool of success.

Yesterday, is not to think about.

Nothing is eternal.

Even a long life is too short to waste.

Wisdom leads to justice.

Yearning to get new, is the work of greedy person.

Everyday is pleasant if you do good.

A wise enemy is less dangerous than a foolish friend.

Review yourself.

Posted by Junk Guy & Jade Dame

What They Say . . . . . [3]

Hem-: blood

eg. Hematoma_ a swelling containing blood, usually clotted in a tissue or organ. It may occur almost any where on the body and may result from injury or from some blood diseases.

Hemi-: half, partial

eg. Hemiataxia_ a loss of muscle control affecting on side of the body, usually as a result of a stroke or cerebellar injury.

Hepato-: liver

eg. Hepatocarcinogen_ an agent that causes carcinoma of the liver.

Hydro-: water, liquid

eg. Hydrocephalus_ an abnormal expansion of cavities within the brain that is caused by the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid.

Hyper-: above, beyond, excessive

eg. Hypertension_ high blood pressure.

Hypo-: under, beneath

eg. Hypoxia_ insufficient level of oxygen in blood or tissue.

Hystero-: uterus

eg. Hysterocleisis_ surgical occlusion of the uterus.

Im-: not

eg. Impaired_ having a physical or mental disability.

Intra-: within

eg. Intraocular_ occurring within the eyeball.

Kerat-: cornea

eg. Keratectomy_ removal of a part of the cornea.

Leuk-: white

eg. Leukemia_ a progressive, malignant disease of the blood forming organs, marked by distorted proliferation and development of white blood cells and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow.

Litho-: stone

eg. Litholysis_ the dissolution of urinary calculi.

Laryng-: larynx

eg. Laryngitis_ inflammation of the larynx, resulting in hoarseness of the voice.

Lip-: fat

eg. Lipoma_ a benign tumour characterized by fat cells.

Posted by Jade Dame

What They Say . . . . . [2]

Ecto-: outer, external

eg. Ectocardia_ an abnormal position of the heart; it may be outside the thoracic cavity or misplaced within the thorax.

En-: in, into, inside

eg. Endemic_ a disease or pathogen that is found in or confined to a particular location, region or people.

Encephal-: brain

eg. Encephalitis_ an inflamed condition of the brain.

Endo-: inside, within

eg. Endoarteritis_ chronic inflammation of the inner layer of arteries.

Epi-: outer, above, on, over, near

eg. Epidural_ injection of anaesthetic into the space outside the dura mater enveloping the spinal cord.

Erythro-: red

eg. Erythrocytosis_ an abnormal increased production of red blood cells.

Gastro-: stomach, abdomen

eg. Gastroesophageal reflux disease_ chronic symptoms or mucosal damage produced by the abnormal reflux of stomach acid to the oesophagus.

Geno-: to become or produce

eg. Genophobia_ an abnormal fear of sexual intercourse.

Glyco-: sugar, sweet

eg. Glycosuria_ atypical occurrence of glucose in urine, may be due to excessive carbohydrate ingestion or a disorder, such as diabetes mellitus.

Gnatho-: jaw

eg. Gnathodynia_ pain in the jaw, such as that commonly associated with an impacted wisdom tooth.

Gyn-: woman

eg. Gynecology_ the branch of medical science that studies the diseases of women, especially of the reproductive organs.

Posted by Jade Dame

What They Say . . . . .

A-: without, negative, not

eg. Avitaminosis_ disease resulting from a deficiency of one or more vitamins.

Ana-: upward, back, again

eg. Anaplasia_ reversion of cells to a more primitive or undifferentiated form, often seen

in malignant tumour.

Andro-: male

eg. Androgen_ male sex hormone as testosterone.

Angio-: vessel

eg. Angiosclerosis_ a thickening and hardening of the walls of blood vessels.

Ante-: before

eg. Antemortem_ preceding death.

Anti-: against

eg. Antibiotic_ tending to prevent, inhibit or destroy life.

Arth-: joint

eg. Arthritis_ inflammation of joints due to infectious, metabolic or constitutional causes.

Auto-: self

eg. Autoimmune_ of, relating to, or caused by antibodies or T cells that attack molecules, cells, or tissues of the organism producing them (autoimmune diseases).

Brady-: slow

eg. Bradycrotic_ marked by inducing slowness of pulse.

Blast-: bud, budding, germ

eg. Blastomycosis_ infectious diseases caused by yeast-like fungi.

Bronchi-: wind pipe

eg. Bronchitis_ acute or chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes.

Cardi-: heart

eg. Carditis_ inflammation of the heart muscle.

Chole-: bile

eg. Cholecystitis_ inflammation of the gallbladder.

Con-: together, with

eg. Conjoined twins_ twins that are physically united at some part or parts of their bodies at the time of birth.

Contra-: against

eg. Contraception_ deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation.

Cranio-: skull

eg. Craniocele_ a congenital gap in the skull that usually results in a protrusion of brain material.

Cysto-: sac or vesicle, bladder

eg. Cystocele_ hernia of the urinary bladder.

Derm-: skin

eg. Dermatitis_ inflammation of the skin

Dys-: abnormal, impaired, difficulty

eg. Dyspnea_ difficulty in breathing often associated with lung or heart disease and resulting in shortness of breath.

Posted by Jade Dame

Why do you have these .... Fart, Sneezing, Sweating and Tearing?

Fart

You fart sometimes and is completely normal. You swallow gases like oxygen and nitrogen while eating food. Some of them go through your digestive system during digestion. Also, carbon-dioxide, hydrogen and methane are produced in the large intestine due to the break down of the food eaten.

Hydrogen sulphide and ammonia gases combine with small portion of these gases there, adding bad smell to them. Then the accumulated gases in your digestive system escape out as Farts. Be alert!, it may be a signal that send you to the toilet.

Sneezing

Your nose is a gate way to your lungs. There are small hairs inside your nose. They can trap things like dust, pollen, cold air and dirt which irritate your nose. When it happens, a message about the irritation is send to the sneeze centre that locates in your brain. Then the sneeze centre send this message to all the muscles concern. These include: the eyelid muscle, the throat muscle, the vocal cord muscle, the chest muscle, the diaphragm muscle and the belly muscle. They cooperate and force out those unwelcome particles from your nose called Sneezing.

Sweating

Your body becomes uncomfortable when the temperature is above 98.6°F (37°C). So, one of the parts of your brain called hypothalamus sends a message to your skin to cool down. In response, sweat glands in the outer layer of your skin produce a lot of sweat.

These sweat leave your skin through tiny pores and thus you are Sweating. When the sweat meet the air and evaporate, you cool down. Normally, sweat has no smell. But when it mixes with the bacteria that dwell in the skin, it changes into smelly one.

Tearing

When you are frighten, sad or upset, your brain sends a message to your eyes to cry. The lacrimal glands situated above the outer corner of your eyes produce tears. Once your eyes are filled with tears, they drain out through the tear ducts which is located near the inside corner of your eyes. And so, you are Crying. If you cry too hard, tears run down your face as the tear ducts are unable to drain all of them.

Besides crying, your eyes water to protect themselves from :

• irritants like dirt in your eyes
• particles which make up smoke
• becoming too dry by cold wind
• tiny chemicals that can hurt while peeling or chopping onion

Other causes of tearing are: allergies, conjunctivitis, dry eyes and blocked tear ducts.

Posted by Jade Dame